PHAI Online - The Public Health Advocacy Institute
- 08.24.18/ U.S. Virgin Islands Juries Deliver $113 Million Verdicts Against R.J. Reynolds to families of Deceased Newport Smokers
- 04.06.21/ UnitedOnGuns’ Sarah Peck and Northeastern’s James Alan Fox Consider Federal Policy to Help Mayors Deal with Mass Shootings
- 11.16.20/ Reducing Digital Marketing of Infant Formulas
- 06.11.20/ PHAI Takes Action Against Puff Bar for Violating Massachusetts’ Ban on Flavored e-Cigarettes
- 11.25.19/ PHAI’s Sarah Peck pens op-ed urging a stop to active shooter drills in schools
- 11.20.19/ PHAI’s Sarah Peck pens op-ed supporting a federal “red flag” law
- 07.10.19/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Pens Commentary: “How The Opioid Settlement Could Truly Help The Addicted”
- 07.01.19/ These Youth Will Not be Fuuled: An overview of the 2019 Altria Group Annual shareholders Meeting
- 04.29.19/ Lawsuit Demands Juul Fund Treatment for the MA Adolescents it Addicted
- 06.07.18/ 2018 Altria Group Annual Shareholders Meeting – A Time of Transitions
- 01.24.18/ PHAI Submits Comment Opposing Proposed School Food Nutrition Rollbacks
- 12.27.17/ End of Year Appeal
- 12.20.17/ Developing State Policy Recommendations for Safe Drinking Water Procurement in Child Care Centers and Schools
- 08.15.17/ FDA Reboots Tobacco Regulation with Harm Reduction
- 07.13.17/ New Lawsuit Alleges Coca-Cola, American Beverage Association Deceiving Public About Soda-Related Health Problems
- 06.12.17/ Snowflakes Are Found in 84 Degree Richmond: The 2017 Altria Group Annual Shareholders Meeting
- 05.04.17/ PHAI Board Member Ben Kelley on Safety Implications of Autonomous Vehicles
- 01.05.17/ PHAI Submits Comments to Support Smoke-Free Low Income Housing to MA Dept of Housing and Community Development
- 01.04.17/ PHAI Joins Center for Science in the Public Interest in Filing Lawsuit Against Coca-Cola for Deceptive Marketing
- 11.15.16/ Dec. Issue of Atlantic: PHAI’s Daynard and Friedman Comment in Powerful Gambling Addiction Article
- 08.24.16/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Comments on FDA Regulations’ Effect on Vaping Industry on All Things Considered
- 06.06.16/ Spending 45 Minutes with 80 of My Fellow Altria Shareholders
- 05.24.16/ PHAI’s Daynard Discusses Tony Gwynn Lawsuit on ESPN and in the New York Times
- 05.13.16/ May 5, 2016 – a RAIny day in Winston-Salem
- 05.12.16/ Support PHAI’s Violence Transformed Program
- 04.23.16/ Florida jury awards $13 million to children of a smoker who died from lung disease after smoking for decades.
- 04.15.16/ FDA Invites Public Comments on Use of Term “Natural” on Food Labels
- 02.26.16/ Northeastern University School of Law to Host Conference Examining Individual Choice and Public Health
- 02.19.16/ Philip Morris ordered to pay Massachusetts smokers of Marlboro Lights $15 million for false claim that the cigarettes had “lowered tar and nicotine” than Marlboro Reds
- 02.11.16/ No More Heart Health Valentines from Coke
- 02.09.16/ Massachusetts Bans Indoor Tanning for Children Under Age 18
- 01.26.16/ PHAI Submits Comments on Proposed Fantasy Sports Regulations in MA
- 01.19.16/ PHAI Urges HUD to Expand Proposed Smoke-free Public Housing Rule to All HUD-Funded Housing
- 01.18.16/ Tobacco Company pays family of deceased Boston smoker $79 million to settle wrongful death claim
- 01.07.16/ PHAI Board Member Explains Results of Paris Climate Change Summit
- 12.23.15/ Jury awards widower $10 million in the death of wife who suffered lung cancer due to smoking
- 11.23.15/ NJOY and Fontem Sued for Failing to Warn Consumers that Their Products Contain Formaldehyde and Acetyldehyde
- 11.13.15/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Discusses New Fantasy Sports Legal Developments on “Broadside” TV Segment
- 11.04.15/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Discusses Fantasy Sports as Gambling on “Broadside” TV Segment
- 10.30.15/ Boston Globe Published Gottlieb Op-Ed on Legality of Daily Fantasy Sports in Massachusetts
- 10.26.15/ PHAI Finds Online Fantasy Sports Gambling Operators in “Clear” Violation of Massachusetts Law
- 10.15.15/ Unregulated Supplements Send Thousands to the Hospital Every Year
- 10.06.15/ After Settlement, PHAI Continues Commitment to Ending Youth Access to MA Lottery Ticket Vending Machines
- 09.27.15/ Consumers Claim That Gerber Baby Foods Don’t Actually Contain the Vegetables Shown on Labels
- 09.23.15/ California Watchdog Finds Cancer-Causing Chemicals in the Majority of Nearly 100 E-cigarettes Tested.
- 09.21.15/ Top Boston Firms Join Forces with Public Health Advocacy Institute
- 09.15.15/ Massachusetts Attorney General Issues Regulation Prohibiting the Sale of E-cigarettes to Minors and Requiring Use of Tamper-Resistant Packaging
- 09.11.15/ R.J. Reynolds Hit with Suit for Failing to Disclose Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Its Vuse Cigarettes
- 09.08.15/ ITG Brands Sued For Failure to Disclose Formaldehyde Content of Blu E-cigarettes and For Claims That Blue Produces No Smoke, Only Vapor
- 08.25.15/ Coke’s Balancing Act
- 08.05.15/ Stop & Shop Responds to PHAI’s Demands to Prevent Sales of Scratch Tickets to Kids
- 06.29.15/ Re-Tooling Bottled Water Bans and Healthy Beverage Requirements to Serve Sustainability and Public Health Goals: A Constructive Path Forward
- 06.01.15/ Under An Hour: My Time at the 2015 Altria Group, Inc. Annual Shareholders Meeting
- 05.27.15/ PHAI Mentioned in Boston Globe Article About Efforts to Prevent Underage Lottery Vending
- 05.18.15/ R.J. Reynolds’ Shareholder’s Report from Winston-Salem: A “Good Year,” a Proposal to Merge and a Death Toll that Must Not Be Acknowledged
- 05.01.15/ PHAI’s Chris Banthin Quoted in Boston Globe Article on Smokefree Homes
- 05.01.15/ PHAI Submits Comments on Proposed Mass AG Regulations for E-Cigarettes
- 04.12.15/ PHAI’s Center for Public Health Litigation Featured in Boston Globe Article
- 03.31.15/ PHAI Litigation the Focus of Boston Globe Editorial
- 03.27.15/ New PHAI study in AJPH focuses on the tobacco industry’s use of personal responsibility rhetoric, how its legal defense strategies inform its public relations messaging
- 03.26.15/ PHAI Takes Cigarette Companies to Court
- 03.23.15/ Consumers Challenge Bayer’s Claim that its Supplements “Support Heart Health” and “Physical Energy”
- 02.02.15/ Added Vitamins May Do More Harm Than Good
- 01.16.15/ Florida woman awarded $20 million in punitive damages after suffering with COPD for years
- 10.31.14/ PHAI Presentation Highlights Similarities in Tactics of Tobacco and Gambling Industries
- 10.10.14/ PHAI’s Center for Public Health Litigation Launches Ad Campaign Seeking Cigarette Industry Victims
- 10.07.14/ Coca Cola Settles Claims that its Vitamin Water was Deceptively Labeled
- 09.30.14/ PHAI Begins Legal Action against Star Markets Over Illegal Lottery Ticket Sales To Minors
- 09.25.14/ Florida jury holds Philip Morris USA accountable for its actions in Federal Court
- 08.08.14/ PHAI Submits Comments to FDA on Deeming Rule Focusing on E-Cigarettes
- 07.29.14/ PHAI Board Member, Ben Kelley, Publishes Powerful Op-ed on GM’s Apologies
- 06.24.14/ The Reynolds American, Inc. 2014 Annual Shareholders Meeting: Change of CEO, change of demeanor, “Transformation” to the status quo.
- 06.24.14/ An hour with Altria Group, Inc.
- 06.11.14/ Copycat Snacks Undermine School Nutrition
- 06.05.14/ Accelerating Tobacco Endgame Strategies in the United States: September 19-20 in Boston
- 05.30.14/ Indoor Tanning Significantly Raises Risk of Melanoma
- 05.30.14/ PHAI Issues Report and Warning About Copycat Snacks
- 05.23.14/ Legal Liability for Indoor Tanning
- 05.07.14/ Plumbing codes an important factor in availability of school water fountains, finds PHAI’s Wilking in CDC study
- 04.16.14/ PHAI Files Amicus Brief Comparing Gambling and Tobacco Industries
- 04.14.14/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Calls Out FDA and White House for Failing to Aggressively Implement the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
- 03.31.14/ PHAI’s Gottlieb and Wilking Co-author study in JAMA Pediatrics Showing that Fast Food Giants Confuse and Deceive Kids
- 03.23.14/ General Mills Settles Claims That Its YoPlus Product Promotes Digestive Health
- 03.13.14/ PHAI Board Member and President File Class Action to Address U.N. Cholera Tragedy in Haiti
- 02.23.14/ Federal Trade Commission warns that many dietary supplements don’t have proven health benefits
- 01.29.14/ PHAI’s Wilking Authors Piece for Update Magazine on Digital Food Marketing targeting Kids
- 01.17.14/ 50 Years after the Surgeon General’s Report (#SGR50): Conference to Show How to End Tobacco-caused Addiction, Death, and Disease
- 01.17.14/ Surgeon General Report Focuses on Tobacco Litigation (#SGR50); Massachusetts Seen as New Frontier
- 01.08.14/ PHAI’s Gottlieb Calls for No Tobacco Sales to Anyone Under Age 21 in New England Journal of Medicine
- 12.19.13/ PHAI Releases Major Report on Digital Food Marketing to Youth: Urges State Attorneys General to Act
- 11.22.13/ PHAI urges FDA to prohibit the sale and distribution of menthol cigarettes
- 11.14.13/ PHAI researchers co-author article in AJPH describing how health advocates battling the food and beverage industry can learn by looking back at the smoking and health crisis of the late 1950s and early 60s
- 10.23.13/ Historic $79 Million Cigarette Settlement Signifies Beginning of Wave of Tobacco Cases in Massachusetts
- 10.21.13/ Verizon Mobile Ad Promotes Distracted Driving
- 10.07.13/ Is McDonald’s Selling What It Advertises to Kids?
- 10.07.13/ US Supreme Court deals devastating blow to the cigarette industry and settlement value of nearly 8,000 pending Engle cases rises dramatically
- 09.18.13/ PHAI’s Daynard Signs on to Report: Why Casinos Matter
- 09.17.13/ PHAI’s Wilking interviewed in Huff Post for Michele Simon’s “Ask a Food Lawyer” feature
- 08.29.13/ McDonald’s Repeatedly Violates CARU Premium Guideline
- 08.28.13/ New study finds McDonald’s and Burger King responsible for 99% of fast-food television ads for kids, suggests industry’s efforts to self-regulate its marketing practices are ineffective
- 08.26.13/ Study of State Cheeseburger Bills Finds They Go Well Beyond “Tort Reform”
- 08.14.13/ PHAI publishes new resource: http://SmokeLitigation.org
- 08.13.13/ Banned In the Cage: How Xyience and NOS Unfairly and Deceptively Market Energy Drinks
- 07.30.13/ NYC’s new soda size restriction should survive any legal challenge (but, so far, hasn’t): An Update
- 07.29.13/ Major Energy Drink Makers Don’t Play By Their Own Rules
- 07.22.13/ Coors Light and The Wolverine Market Beer to Underage Youth
- 07.18.13/ Super-Sized Lunchables Solicits Teens to Upload Risky User-Generated Content
- 07.08.13/ Lorillard Inc., v. United States Food and Drug Administration, No. 11-440
- 07.08.13/ R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Food & Drug Admin., NO. 11-5332
- 07.08.13/ Disc. Tobacco City & Lottery, Inc. v. United States
- 07.08.13/ Sottera, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin.
- 06.11.13/ Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules that all cigarettes sold in Massachusetts are defective
- 05.24.13/ 2013 Altria Group, Inc. Annual Shareholders Meeting: Politely conducting business as usual
- 05.14.13/ The 2013 Reynolds American, Inc. Annual Shareholders Meeting: orders, points of order, “out of order” and ordered out!
- 05.07.13/ PHAI’s Gottlieb co-authors article on strategies to reduce cancer from indoor tanning, FDA seeks stronger regulation of lamps
- 03.18.13/ Big Victory at Florida Supreme Court is Bad News for Cigarette Manufacturers
- 03.08.13/ PHAI Publishes Legal Issue Brief on Digital Viral Food Marketing to Kids
- 03.04.13/ PHAI’s Daynard Maps Bold Endgame for Smoking in United States in NY Times Op-Ed
- 01.09.13/ Pepsi’s “Live for Now” campaign is the Joe Camel of soda marketing to youth
- 12.13.12/ PHAI project releases White paper and policy brief addressing occupational injuries and illnesses among low-wage workers
- 10.02.12/ PHAI’s Cara Wilking on updating children’s online privacy protection
- 09.06.12/ Nestlé’s nutritional advice recommends avoiding Kraft Lunchables, but Nestlé puts its candy in Lunchables anyway
- 08.24.12/ US Court of Appeals for DC Circuit deals painful blow to FDA, public health and consumers
- 08.22.12/ PHAI joins the Center for Digital Democracy and others in complaint to FTC over children’s websites’ “Tell-A-Friend” tactics
- 07.24.12/ For Many Living With Limb Loss, “Open Happiness” Doesn’t Ring True
- 06.20.12/ Health Groups Ask Federal Trade Commission to Investigate Merck’s Use of “Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted” Characters to Market Children’s Claritin®
- 06.19.12/ PHAI’s Friedman and Gottlieb Co-author: “Soda and Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility Campaigns: How Do They Compare?” in PLoS Medicine
- 06.07.12/ Altria’s Annual Shareholders Meeting in Richmond, Virginia: Retirement provides no change in the company’s conduct
- 06.07.12/ The Hidden Energy Costs of School Beverage Vending Machines
- 05.25.12/ Reynolds American Inc. in 2012: “Progress” in tobacco litigation is alleged five weeks after U.S. Supreme Court leaves the company with “massive liability…with no end in sight.”
- 05.08.12/ PepsiCo Unfairly and Deceptively Targets Teens with Its “Win from Within” Gatorade Campaign
- 03.26.12/ Supreme Court Rejects Key Tobacco Industry Appeal Leaving “Massive Liability . . . with no End in Sight.”
- 03.22.12/ Canadian Class Action Lawsuits Seek Billions of Dollars from Major Tobacco Companies
- 03.06.12/ Jury in Miami Assesses $25 Million in Punitive Damages Against Tobacco Firm in an Engle Progeny Trial
- 02.09.12/ FDA Action Needed to Address Diet Coke’s Blatant & Unlawful Use of Heart Health Claims
- 12.14.11/ General Mills Uses Whole Grain Claims to Distract from Sugar Content
- 12.08.11/ The Cost of McDonald’s Happy Meal Toys
- 09.21.11/ PHAI Releases New Resources to Use Law to Fight Junk Food Marketing to Kids
- 08.30.11/ Federal Judge Blasts RJ Reynolds for Providing a “Wholly Inaccurate Description of the Trial Record” and Upholds Multi-Million Dollar Verdict
- 07.27.11/ Coca-Cola Unscathed by Happy Meal Changes?
- 07.19.11/ McDonald’s Happy Meals with Soda & Fries Still the “Most Popular” Meal Combinations
- 06.20.11/ Organizations that Care About Health Should Play No Part in the Soft Drink Industry’s Effort to Rehabilitate Its Public Image
- 05.26.11/ Shareholder meeting report – Altria Group CEO Michael Szymanczyk: An artful dodger
- 05.20.11/ PHAI’s Wilking urges repeal of MA sales tax exemption for soda as first step in Boston Globe Letter to Editor
- 05.18.11/ State Laws Prevent Local Control Over Much More Than Just Happy Meal Toys
- 05.17.11/ Reynolds American, Inc. “takes step” and remains rigid at shareholder meeting
- 04.29.11/ Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds hit by $40 million verdict in Florida this week
- 04.28.11/ Journal of Public Health Policy issues Call for Papers on changing food industry behavior
- 03.02.11/ $17.3 million verdict against Lorillard in Jacksonville, FL
- 03.01.11/ Arkansas State Consumer Protection Profile
- 03.01.11/ Arizona State Consumer Protection Profile
- 03.01.11/ Alaska State Consumer Protection Profile
- 02.28.11/ Future of Obesity Litigation panel featuring PHAI’s Gottlieb and CSPI’s Gardner airs and is available online
- 02.24.11/ Alabama State Consumer Protection Profile
- 02.24.11/ Florida jury Returns multi-million verdict against tobacco companies
- 02.22.11/ PHAI’s Gottlieb supports smoke-free parks in Cambridge Chronicle Guest Commentary
- 02.15.11/ Eurpoean Commission Publishes PHAI Collaboration on Tobacco Liability and the Health Costs of Smoking
- 01.24.11/ Unclear on calories: GMA & FMI’s front-of-package “Nutrition Keys” omit key calorie information
- 12.28.10/ Minnesota Court Of Appeals gives green light to “light” cigarette class action lawsuit against Philip Morris
- 12.16.10/ Boston jury delivers $81 million punitive damages verdict against Lorillard
- 12.15.10/ PHAI’s Daynard provides extended audio commentary on Evans verdict
- 12.15.10/ PHAI publishes Special Verdict Sheet from Evans trial
- 12.14.10/ Lorillard suffers big loss in Massachusetts wrongful death case where free samples of Newport were provided to African-American children in Roxbury housing project
- 12.14.10/ Florida court of appeal affirms $28.3 million verdict against R.J. Reynolds; explicitly rejects RJR’s attempt to “essentially nullify” Florida Supreme Court’s 2006 decision in Engle
- 12.13.10/ PHAI’s Gottlieb co-authors new study showing increased tobacco smoke expsoure of kids in multi-unit housing
- 12.02.10/ PHAI announces new project on workers’ rights to health and safety on the job
- 11.23.10/ New Hampshire Court Grants Class Certification for Plaintiffs in a Light Cigarettes Class Action Lawsuit against Philip Morris
- 11.15.10/ Florida Jury Snaps Tobacco’s Recent Winning Streak with an $80 Million Award Against R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
- 11.04.10/ National Cancer Institute Study may Affect Cigarette Litigation
- 10.27.10/ PHAI’s Gottlieb discusses litigation as an approach to reduce childhood obesity at Institute of Medicine Workshop
- 10.27.10/ Discovery of Elevated Fructose Levels in Popular Soft Drinks Raises Important Legal Questions for Regulators and Consumers
- 08.05.10/ Yet another plaintiff’s verdict in Florida: Piendle v. RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co. et al.
- 07.22.10/ 11th Circuit Court of Appeals vacated decision that would have eliminated preclusive effect of Engle Jury Phase I findings for progeny cases in federal court
- 06.29.10/ PHAI Addresses tobacco industry’s use of corporate social responsibility tactics and personal responsibility rhetoric
- 06.16.10/ PHAI’s Gottieb co-authors piece in NEJM: Puffing in public housing poses serious health risks to tenants
- 06.02.10/ Report on Altria Group, Inc.’s Annual Shareholders Meeting – Richmond, Virginia, May 20, 2010
- 06.02.10/ Report from the Reynolds American, Inc. Annual Shareholders Meeting -– May 7, 2010 – Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- 05.21.10/ More Florida Verdicts against Cigarette Companies – Buonomo
- 04.28.10/ Louisiana Court of Appeals Orders Tobacco Companies to Pay Over $230 Million for Court-Approved Smoking Cessation Program
- 04.26.10/ Florida Jury Returns Multi-Million Dollar Verdict for Family of Smoker against Liggett Group, Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds
- 04.22.10/ Tobacco Companies Are Dealt a Series of Major Litigation Losses in Florida During March And April – and There’s no End in Sight
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study on NY State Reduced Ignition Propensity Cigarette Law
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study of the California Clean Cars Law
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study on Denver, CO Regional Transportation Districts Dropping of a Ban on Violent Video Game Advertisements
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study of MA Attorney General Tobacco Advertising Regulations and Legal Challenge to Them
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study on Portland, ME School Committee’s Initiative to Provide Prescription Contraception Products to Middle School Students
- 04.02.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study of Hog Farmers’ Challenge of Worth County, IA Envronmental Ordinance
- 03.31.10/ PHAI Attorney and Noted Univ of IL Economist Look at Applying Tobacco Taxation and Other Pricing Strategies to Reduce Obesity
- 03.29.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study Examining Litigation Surrounding Atlantic City’s Needle Exchange Ordinace
- 03.29.10/ PHAI Publishes Case Study on Challenges to Pharmacy Tobacco Sales Ban in San Francisco County
- 03.29.10/ PHAI publishes Case Study on NYC Menu Labeling Litigation
- 02.19.10/ All Parties Seek Supreme Court Review of Racketeering Trial: US v. Philip Morris
- 02.03.10/ PHAI Attorney Chris Banthin Appears on WGBH with Boston Mayor Tom Menino to Discuss Smokefree Public Housing
- 12.10.09/ PHAI Senior Attorney Christopher Banthin discussed low tobacco control funding on WCVB News
- 12.08.09/ PHAI Researches Unfair Food Marketing to Kids (and those who purchase for kids)
- 11.30.09/ PHAI’s Tobacco Products Liability Project is mentioned in NY Times editorial
- 11.20.09/ Tobacco Products Liability Project hails $244 million punitive damages award against Philip Morris as “entirely proportionate to the level of reprehensible misconduct by the company”
- 09.29.09/ PHAI submits comments to FDA supporting reducing nicotine levels of smoked tobacco products to non-addictive levels
- 07.31.09/ PHAI Publishes “Managing and Conducting Public Health Inspections: A Selected Bibliography and Topical Outline (1988)”
- 05.08.09/ PHAI Publishes Issue Briefs on Tobacco Industry’s Corporate Makeover
- 04.24.09/ PHAI RELEASES LIFE WITHOUT SMOKE: NEW SURVEY REVEALS STRONG DEMAND FOR SMOKE-FREE HOUSING – Owners indicate growing interest and value in making properties
- 04.06.09/ Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food
- 02.10.09/ Daynard and Gottlieb publish Op/Ed in Boston Globe: “How to fight America’s obesity epidemic”
- 11.24.08/ PHAI Sends Obama Transition Team Obesity Policy Recommendations
- 10.16.08/ PHAI Publishes Presentation Slides from Fifth Conference on Public Health, Law and Obesity
- 06.27.08/ Fifth Conference on Public Health, Law, and Obesity
- 03.10.08/ PHAI Publishes “The Zoning Diet” Kit to Help Communities Limit the Impact of Fast Food and its Advertising
- 01.22.08/ The Weakening of RICO’s Remedies Provision: Analysis of the Appeals Court’s Decision in USA v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al.
- 01.17.08/ Potential Master Settlement Agreement Violations Evidenced in Judge Kessler’s Findings in USA v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al.
- 01.17.08/ A Guide for Plaintiffs’ Attorneys: Using Findings and Resources from USA v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al. in Future Claims Against Big Tobacco
- 12.04.07/ PHAI Submits Brief on Behalf of AMA and others to U.S. Court of Appeals for DC Circuit in Tobacco Racketeering Appeal
- 11.26.07/ PHAI Creates Newsletter
- 11.06.07/ Mapping School Food: A Policy Guide
- 12.06.06/ Raw Deal: A Report on School Beverage Contracts
- 02.21.05/ Industry Controls Over Food Marketing To Young Children: Are They Effective?